VOCABULARY
Understanding and speaking the language of video is essential. The quickest way to find out who knows what they are doing on a shoot or job site is to listen to the vocabulary someone is using to communicate what they want. Because words can vary depending on where you are or what kind of job you're doing, knowing all the slang is almost impossible. The job of a "grip" is different in Hollywood than it is for the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo for example.
But the more vocabulary you know, the better chance you can pick up what people are talking about on a job. Trust me, if you can speak the language, you'll earn respect immediately and can get a job and move up the ranks much easier.
We will build it up as we go along, with weekly quizzes at the end of each week.
Most of the vocabulary you need to know will be right here for reference. Each color will represent if the word you need to know is an introductory or advanced term.
Because terms are nearly endless, I may have forgotten some. If you find one useful to our class, let me know and you could earn some extra credit.
But the more vocabulary you know, the better chance you can pick up what people are talking about on a job. Trust me, if you can speak the language, you'll earn respect immediately and can get a job and move up the ranks much easier.
We will build it up as we go along, with weekly quizzes at the end of each week.
Most of the vocabulary you need to know will be right here for reference. Each color will represent if the word you need to know is an introductory or advanced term.
Because terms are nearly endless, I may have forgotten some. If you find one useful to our class, let me know and you could earn some extra credit.
- 1 Shot - A shot with one character in the frame.
- 1080p or 1080i - High-definition (HD) video that has 1080 lines of vertical resolution. When followed by "p", it refers to progressive scan HD video. When followed by "i", it refers to interlaced scan HD video.
- 16:9 - Refers to the screen ratio used to create a letterbox style frame.
Refers to the screen ratio used to create a letterbox style frame. - 180 Degree Rule - Keeping camera angles on one side of an imaginary line running through the set. Crossing the line can cause confusing discontinuity.
- 2 Shot - A shot frequently used when two subjects are in a frame. Often framed face-on to one subject with the the back of the second subjects head still in shot.
- 3 Point Lighting - A common lighting set up featuring three lights; key light, fill light and hair light.
- 4 Point Lighting - A typical lighting composition using four lights; key light, fill light, hair light and backlight.
- 4:4:2 (and 4:4:4) - Chroma sampling rates. 4:4:4 means that the colour and luminance components of the picture are sampled at the same rate, as is performed in cinematic postproduction. With 4:2:2, the two chroma components are sampled at half the rate of the luminance components; this reduces bandwidth by one-third with little or no visible difference.
- 720p - High-definition (HD) video that has 720 lines of vertical resolution. The "p" refers to progressive scan HD video.
- A/V Screenplay FormatIndustry script format that splits picture and audio into two columns so that visuals can be described with their corresponding dialog, music, and sound FX displayed side by side. Commonly used for corporate video and commercials.
- ACThe abbreviation for Alternating Current.
- AccessYour ability to get up close and inside the world of your subject. This is the golden ticket to film making.
- AccountAn Internet video term referring to online video websites that have a Sign Up function for users to upload their video content.
- Active SharingA YouTube feature that allows users to see who is watching a video at the same time as them.
- ADThe abbreviation for Assistant Director. A film position similar to that of a production assistant.
- Ad LibA term which refers to spontaneous or unscripted on screen action. It can refer to both oral and physical action.
- ADAAbbreviation for Americans with Disabilities Act. An act regarding the universal accessibility of online video productions.
- ADRAbbreviation of the term Additional Dialogue Recording.
- Advance OrganizerA preview of a program's content designed to ready the viewer for the information to follow.
- AFTRAThe American Federation of TV and Radio Artists.
- AGCAbbreviation of the term Auto Gain Control. This is a camera feature, which allows filmmakers to automatically adjust their sound levels.
- AircheckAn Aircheck refers to the recording of a program in order to log or screen material.
- AirtimeAn Americanism used to refer to the duration of Television programming.
- Alpha CompositingThe process of combining an image with a background to create the appearance of partial transparency. An alpha channel is used extensively when combining computer-rendered image elements with live footage.
- AmbassadorThe traditional name for a liaison who communicates between film crew and the area/community/culture they wish to film.
- Ambient NoiseBackground sound.
- AmpAn Amp is an electrical unit of measurement.
- AnamorphicA technique for capturing a 16:9 widescreen picture on standard 4:3 aspect ratio camera. Uses an eletronic process or a special lens that squeezes the 16:9 widescreen image into a 4:3 aspect ratio which can be later unsqueezed in postproduction.
- AnnotationsA YouTube tool that allows users to place plain-text notes and web video links into their YouTube videos.
- Aperture RingThis is the adjustable ring on a cameras lens that allows for exposure control.
- ApproachAn Approach refers to how a story, documentary or narrative is told on screen.
- Archival FootageArchived Footage can refer to Images, Music and Film Clips, which are taken from fair-use Libraries for videos and films.
- ASAAbbreviation for Advertising Standards Authority.
- ASCAPThe American Federation of TV and Radio Artists.
- Aspect RatioAspect Ratio denotes the shape of your image. Typically there are two traditional ratios; 4 : 3 (TV) and 16 : 9 (Widescreen TV).
- Assemble EditTo string together video segments recording each's audio, video and control tracks.
- Assignment EditorA cinematic role referring to a production job similar to that of a Print Editor.
- AudienceAn Audience is the individuals, communities and social groups you are making your video for.
- Audio SwapA YouTube function that allows users to add music to their video from YouTube’s music library.
- Augmented RealityA new way of engaging with digital content where interactive, digital content can be accessed and viewing through real life objects in the real world.
- Authoring LanguageA computer programming language designed for producing computer-assisted instruction.
- AutocueA production tool used to provide a script on set for subjects to read.
- Autogain ControlCommonly abbreviated as "AGC". This is a camera feature that automatically adjusts sound levels for you.
- AvatarAn Internet picture that represents an account, profile or person.
- AVCHDAdvanced video coding high definition. A format for recording and playback of HD video onto removable flash media and hard drives. It uses the MPEG-4, H.264 video compression codec.
- AVIAudio video interleaved. An audio/video film format used during digital video editing frequently displayed as ".avi."
- AVIDAn editing suite provider.
- AxisThis is the imaginary line that is drawn in a scene. This line should always have the camera on one side and the subjects on the other.
- B
- B-RollThis is the leftover footage from each shoot.
- Back LinksThese are website links for your own website that are found on sites other than your own.
- Background PlatesThe scenes, photos, or animations that are to be inserted as the background when compositing a greenscreen scene.
- BacklightA light used in filming traditionally placed behind the subject/character at a top left/top right angle. This set-up helps to separate your subject/character from the background.
- BaggerAn American TV slang term used to refer to stock footage that can be played at any time.
- Barn DoorsAn American term referring to the metal flaps placed on traditional film lights. These Barn Doors help to focus lighting and protect those on set if the light should shatter.
- BarsReferring to Colour Bars that are used during filming to check video signals.
- Bars and ToneThe industry standard reference tools for adjusting colour and audio: SMPTE colour bars and one kilohertz audio tone. It's important to include bars and tone at the beginning of every media card, tape, and every finished project so that editors, projectionists, audio engineers, and other film and TV professionals know how to adjust your colour and audio to accurately reproduce what you intended.
- BarteringThe swapping or exchange of goods or services "in kind" rather than for cash.
- BCU or ECUA big close-up or extreme close-up frames the head so that the top of frame clips the forehead or hairline and the bottom of frame clips the neck.
- BEATThis is a script term written in caps to indicate a wait or a PAUSE in the delivery of dialogue. It implies a reaction or some business intervenes between lines of dialogue.
- Betacam SPBroadcast-quality, analog video standard. This format is popular with television stations, but it is slowly being phased out. Betamax is an old home video format. Betacam XS is a digital broadcast Betacam format.
- BetamaxA half-inch cassette standard developed by the Sony Corporation.
- BicycleTo distribute programs by sending them to a succession of locations.
- BidA price quoted for an object or service.
- BinAn editing term used to refer to footage that won’t make the final cut, but still needs to be kept.
- Bit RateThis a unit of measurement used to assess the transfer of data per unit over time.
- BlackwrapBlackwrap is heavy-duty aluminium foil coated in a heat-resistant black paint. This is a typical tool of the lighting trade used to control the direction and exposure of light on set.
- Blended SERPThis refers to the introduction of Google’s Universal Search in 2007 whereby images, videos, local businesses and news stories appear alongside traditional search results when a user searches for a particular query.
- BlockReferring to the A and B Blocks of prioritised footage in broadcasting.
- BlockingThe establishing of positions and movements for talent on the set.
- Blown OutThis is a typical film term referring to the extreme overexposure of video. If your images are Blown Out they will be irreparable and the footage will be worthless.
- Blu-RayA High-definition disc format similar in size and operation to a DVD, but capable of holding eight times the data. Sony and Panasonic support Blu-Ray, while Microsoft and Toshiba support HD DVD.
- Blue ScreenA chroma-keying technique where the subject is shot in front of a blue background and that background is replaced during post production.
- BMIBroadcast Music, Inc.
- BNCA commonly used video cable for monitors, projects and other audio/video equipment.
- BNC ConnectorA Broadcast standard video connector used with coax cable. A Single BNC connector is used for analog video. Multiple BNC connectors carry SDI or serial digital interface video.
- BokehA background so out of focus that it appears to be soft and cloudlike. Very narrow depth of field to draw attention to the main subject. It is obtained when using a digital still camera for video or when using a neutral density filter.
- BranchingA program style in which viewers are presented with or "branched to" different segments of the program, depending upon their responses.
- Breakaway CablesThis is a sound cable that connects two XLR cables and a headphone extension cable into one cable that connects between a camera and a mixer/microphone.
- Broadcast QualityVideo and audio quality standards developed by the National Association of Broadcasters. Frequently used to describe a broadcast camera.
- Broadcast-Quality CameraA high-resolution video camera with three chips for each of the primary colours of light; red, blue, and green. Furthermore, a broadcast-quality camera allows for itnernal adjustments to achieve the best contrast and colour rendition possible.
- BufferingAn online video term referring to the downloading process of a video.
- Bump-DownA dub onto a smaller-format tape.
- Bump-UpA dub onto a larger-format tape.
- Bus DriveThese are small high-capacity mini-hard drives that are powered by plugging them into a computer via a USB or FireWire cable. Because they don't require AC power, they are an ideal choice for offloading HD video footage at remote locations and run-and-gun shooting.
- C
- C 47sC 47s are merely wooden pins used to keep in place lighting gels.
- CamcorderA combination video camera and recorder. Camcorders may record on videotape, DVDs, hard drives or flash cards.
- CansFilm slang for industry standard headphones.
- CaptionsA web video term referring to subtitles on an Internet video.
- CaptureA term used to refer to the committal of footage to a computer or device in order to begin the editing stage.
- CategoriesA YouTube term used for putting web videos into specific genre areas.
- CATVCommunity antenna television, an alternate name for cable distribution.
- CCTVClosed-circuit TV, or video distribution through receiving sites physically wired to the source.
- CD-DACompact disc digital audio, The standard digital music CD format that is playable on all CD players.
- CDNAn abbreviation for Content Delivery Network. This is where numerous computer systems are linked up to carry the same data at different nodes to improve their overall performance.
- CGThese letters stand for character generator, the eletronic text composing device that is the most downstream device in a television switcher before program. In video postproduction, a character generator is now integrated with desktop editors.
- ChannelA term YouTube use to refer to user Profiles.
- ChapterA segment on a DVD that is used during navigation. Authored DVDs have their glossarys created at specific points to divide the video for easy navigation and interactivity.
- Character GeneratorA keyboard device used to create letters, numbers, and simple characters in a video form.
- Character StudiesReferring to a type of video in which the story is told through one key character.
- Charge-BackA funding scheme in which a department runs on fees charged for its services.
- CheatTraditional filming term referring to moving a member of the film crew to a new position to capture a better shot.
- ChimeraA popular brand of lighting used in Interviews.
- Chinese LanternA white paper lantern that produces a soft warm light.
- ChipsA small circuit board for processing data. Camcorders have one or three optical chips.
- Chroma SubsamplingApplying more compression to the chrominance portion of the signal than to the luminance. Humans process luminance with more precision than chrominance. There is no perceptible loss by compressing chrominance at a higher level than the luminance portion of the signal.
- Chroma-KeyingThe replacement of part of a video picture with the corresponding part of another shot by punching a "hole" in a picture where a certain colour appears. It is used to insert pictures on part of a set backdrop, as commonly seen in news programs, or to place a person in a setting in which he or she is not physically present.
- ChrominanceThe colour level or colour saturation.
- Circuit BreakerAn automatically operated switch created to protect electrical circuits from damage.
- Clapper BoardA filmmaking essential used to mark the beginning or end of a film take (traditionally containing scene information). The Clapper Board also helps to sync visuals to sound.
- ClientThe person requesting a service; the customer.
- Close UpA tightly framed camera shot in which the subject/object on screen dominates the frame.
- Closed-Circuit TVA distribution system using receiving sites physically wired to the source.
- Cloud ComputingInternet-based shared computing. Video and other IT resources may be shared. Cloud computing customers do not own the infrastructure but rather pay for it on a per-use basis, similar to paying for traditional utility services, such as electricity.
- CMOS ChipCMOS stands for "complementary metal oxide semiconductor."
- CoasterA sarcastic name for a disc that will not play. It could be used as a coaster for drinks.
- Coax or Coaxial CableA video cable that consists of an inner conductor, an insulating layer, and a conducting shield consisting usually of braided metal. Coax is thicker than shielded audio cables because of the higher frequencies of video. RG59 is a common size for coax cable.
- CoaxialA type of cable used to connect cameras, mixing desks, monitors and other equipment together.
- CobrowsingNavigation of Internet pages by two or more users. Some cobrowsing tools offer synchronized playback of video with start, pause and stop functionality.
- CodecThis is a digital system that can compress video files into a smaller, more manageable size for file transferring.
- Colour BarsA standard test signal used as a reference when setting up equipment.
- Colour TemperatureThe color of a light source, measured in degrees Kelvin.
- CommentA YouTube function where users can respond to other online videos via text.
- Community ConstituencyThe audience or community that is to be served.
- Compact Flash CardDigital media card used by some cameras including the RED camera.
- Company News ProgramA program following the broadcast journalism format containing news of a particular organization produced by and for that organization.
- Component VideoSeparating primary colours and picture information of a video signal into three cables, usually coloured red, green, and blue. This allows for a sharper display of video.
- Composite VideoCombining video signal and colour into a single cable, usually the yellow RCA-type connector on a monitor, camcorder, or DVD player.
- CompositingCombining several images together, sometimes using layering, to create a single scene. Chroma-key and green screen are examples of compositing.
- CompositionThe visual makeup of a video frame.
- CompressionThere are two main types of compression; signal compression and data compression. A good example of such compression are formats such as MP3.
- ConceptThe first formal document you create in the script writing process is called a concept. Whatever you call it, concept or outline, its function is the same, namely, to set down in writing the key ideas and vision of the program. This document is written in conventional prose. There is no special format for it. It does not cover all the plat or content; nor does it include dialogue or voice narration. It is primarily an idea in a nutshell from which the script in all its detail will grow.
- ConfessionalsA private one-to-one film segment between one camera and one subject/character.
- Constructed AnswerA "fill-in-the-blank" answer that must be remembered and spelled out rather than just selected from a list.
- ConsultantA person who offers information and advice in a particular field.
- Content ExpertThe subject-matter expert versed in the content of a program
- Content Verification ProgramYouTube’s own tool that allows copyright owners to easily find video materials that are infringing on their rights.
- ContingencyAn emergency pot of money built into your budget. Contingency usually makes up 15% of your overall budget.
- ContinuityThe illusion of continuous action, even when segments are edited together that were recorded at different times.
- Control PulsesElectronic pulses used to synchronize and control video play-back; these can be counted by an editing interface in order to identify relative places on tape.
- Control RoomAn aera that contains audio and video controls, such as a mixer and switcher for a TV studio.
- Control TrackAn essential track of electronic pulses that maintain continuous Time Codes for your production to ensure the editing process is as easy as possible.
- CookieA cut out pattern typically created from Blackwrap to cast creative lighting on the background of a scene.
- CopyrightA "patent" on an original work.
- Cost-EffectivenessAn assessment of the benefits versus the cost of something.
- Counter NumbersA revolving number scale, indicating revolutions of a tape, used to roughly index section of a tape on a playback unit.
- CoverA director must shoot the same scene from several angles so that action and dialogue are repeated in different camera angles in order for the editor to create continuity from shot to shot within a scene. Without cover, a scene cannot be edited.
- Craft ServicesThis refers to the catering services available on a film shoot, but on a smaller basis i.e. drinks and snacks.
- CraneA piece of equipment used to raise a camera to capture high-angle shots.
- CrawlReferring to the slow movement of on screen textual graphics across a shot.
- Criterion TestA test measuring specific criteria or objectives used to evaluate the success of a program.
- Crop OutA camera and post production technique used to tighten or recompose a shot that has unwanted images creeping into the frame.
- CrossfadeTypically used during audio mixing this term refers to the fade in and fade out of one audio track to another.
- Crossing The LineAlso known as the 180-degree rule. Keeping camera angles on one side of an imaginary line running through the set. Crossing the line can cause confusing discontinuity.
- CTB GelAbbreviation of Colour Temperature Blue, which refers to a lighting gel used to cast a natural ‘daylight’ glow on scenes.
- CTO GelAbbreviate of Colour Temperate Orange, which refers to a lighting gel used to cast a warm ‘indoor’ glow on scenes.
- CUA close-up frames the head and shoulders leaving head room above the head. A close-up is about detail.
- CutThe practice of separating sections of video during the editing process.
- Cut AwayA filming technique where the camera shoots something other than the central subject of the video.
- Cut On ActionTo change shots while an action is taking place.
- Cut-InA shot showing a tight close-up of something in the previous shot.
- D
- DailiesA Daily is the review of the days footage. This is very important when you have limited time at locations or have a large amount of footage in your production.
- Data DVD/CDUnlike a video DVD or audio CD that plays on a standard machine, a data DVD or CD is designed to store AV files in a computer format. Data discs such as these are used for further editing or for Internet uploading.
- Dead AirSections of pure silence during a production.
- Dead CatAn American slang term referring to the faux fur coverings used to block ambient noise from Boom Mics.
- DecibelThe unit of measurement for tracking sound levels. Abbreviated as dB.
- Dedicated MicroprocessorA device that has a single purpose, designed specifically for producing or playing back interactive video programs.
- Depth Of FieldA cinematography term referring to the proportion of area in front or behind a subject/character/object is in/out of focus. Abbreviated as d.o.f
- DGADirectors Guild of America.
- Digital CompositingThe process of digitally assembling multiple images to make a final image. Adobe After Effects, Apple Shake and Autodesk Smoke are digital compositing applications.
- Digital File ConversionTransferring one type of audio/video file to another for the purpose of uploading it to the Internet or making a CD or DVD.
- Digital RecordingAudio and video are converted to bits of data. This results in no signal loss when digital copies are made. DVDs are digital, while VHS tape is analog.
- Digital Video EditingUsing a computer to perform video editing, the scenes are assembled in the order required.
- Digital Video ManipulatorA special-effects device that can control the size and position of a shot.
- DigitizeThe transfer of traditional analogue footage to a new digital format.
- Dimmer BoxAn electrical dial used to control the brightness of a lighting setup.
- DirectorThe key individual in charge of organising the cinematic filming of a production.
- Dirty TrackA low quality track of audio that is not suitable for the final project, but recorded just for reference, so that better quality audio from a separate source can be synched up or recreated in post-production.
- DisplayAnother word for monitor, whether it is a computer monitor or video monitor.
- DissolveFading one piece of video into another.
- DivXA trade name for a digital video compression format based on the MPEG-4 standard that compresses video into a small file.
- Docu-DramaA program format in which actual events are re-created or dramatized.
- DocumentaryA program format documenting a real event rather than creating a scripted one.
- DollyA piece of equipment that allows for the camera to roll/move smoothly across a scene.
- Double System AudioAudio that is recorded with a separate audio recorder apart from the camera. When shooting double system, the audio is synched up with the picture by using a clapper slate, so the sound of the clap can be aligned with physical clap seen on camera. It is also common when shooting video to record a "dirty" reference track with a camera mic to assist with synching.
- Double TakeLike many comic devices, the double take is a compact with the audience. The character takes an extra long time to react to a put down or before delivering a reply. Although it can be an acting technique, it is also very much a comic effect that can be written into a script. It needs the right line or situation with an indication in the script. You do this by writing pause, beat, or even double take.
- Double-MikeThe practice of using two microphones on a person as a precaution against failure.
- Downloadable VideoVideo that may be downloaded from a website and stored on a user's computer. Downloadable video takes longer to start playing than streaming video, but streaming video may not be stored.
- Dramatic ReadingsThis is a narrative convention used by actors/subjects to bring to life letters, diaries and documents.
- Dramatic ZoomA cinematography technique whereby the camera zooms in or out slowly to emphasis the onscreen events.
- DRMThe abbreviation for Digital Rights Management. This refers to the copyright restriction of digital content.
- DropoutsThis term refers to breaks and missions in the audio, usually caused by a cable short, wireless interference, or power issues that result in no sound being recorded for a few seconds here and there. This can't be fixed in post.
- Dry RunA typical practice or rehearsal of a particular scene in a production.
- DSLRShort for digital single lens reflex camera, which is a popular form of professional still camera. The "single-lens" part simply means the picture you see in the viewfinder is the actual picture the camera is taking through the lens. The important distinction about these cameras is that they are basically still photo cameras that have added HD video capability. However, they were never meant to be dedicated video cameras so lack some common professional features found even in dedicated prosumer video cameras.
- DubA re-recording of a section of audio or video.
- DuplicationMaking copies of DVDs, CDs, or videotapes. The process usually includes verification to confirm that the signals had been properly recorded on the discs or tapes. Frequently, labels and boxes are included with duplication.
- Dutch AngleA typical film technique in which the camera is titled diagonally to express tension, energy or fun.
- DVAn abbreviation for Digital Video.
- DV RackSoftware used for PCs that record live footage to a hard drive via a laptop.
Software used for PCs that record live footage to a hard drive via a laptop. - DVCAMA popular digital videotape format. It is used in broadcast-quality camcorders and in digital video editing.
- DVDDigital versatile disc. Can be used to store video and other kinds of data.
- DVD AuthoringThe process of creating a custom DVD by dividing a video into glossarys. Chapters are listed in a menu and allow for easy navigation and interactivity.
- DVD VideoA DVD disc that has standard video and audio recorded on it. Will play in standard DVD players or a computer.
- DVETransitions between shots have become so numerous because of the advent of DVE's or digital video effects in computer based editors and mixers that it would be impossible to list the dozens of different patterns and effects. Once again, this is the province of postproduction unless you have a very strong reason to incorporate a specific visual effect into your script.
- DVIConnector for HD video display on a monitor. It is similar and compatible with HDMI, but it carries no audio.
- E
- Edit Decision ListA printout of desired in-and-out cues of segments to be edited.
- Edited MasterThe original copy of an edited program.
- EditingCombining video shots together in an organized method. Includes addition of voice-over narration, music, titles, graphics, and special effects.
- Editing ControllerA device that controls VTR's during the editing process; editing interface.
- Editing ScriptA script marked up with location numbers of each segment on the raw fotoage for expediency in assembling the final program.
- EditorThe professional technician who performs video editing, postproduction, photo montages, and digital file conversion.
- EDLAn abbreviate of Edit Decision List, which refers to the master list of every sound, visual and effect made during editing.
- EFPElectronic field production; shooting video generally with one camera out of the studio.
- EFXReferring to Special Effects, which can often be found abbreviated as FX.
- Electronic EditingRearranging and "cutting" segments by means of duplication.
- EmbeddingYouTube provides a website HTML code for all videos allowing users to copy and paste that code into their websites and blogs to display the video on other platforms.
- End RollA filming practice where shots are left to record for a few extra seconds after the scene has completed to ensure editing is as easy as possible.
- ENGElectronic news gathering; a production style using small portable equipment for high mobility in the field, as pioneered by broadcast news.
- Enterprise WANEnterprise wide area network. The network links corporate offices from different locations.
- EqualizeTo filter an audio track to balance the reproduction of ranges of frequencies.
- Equipment PackageAn absolute list of the equipment you need to create your video.
- Essential AreaThe area in the center of a shot that will be reproduced in full by almost any TV monitor.
- Establishing ShotA film technique used to establish the scene, story or genre of a video. Typically a wide or long shot to help viewers take in a location.
- Exclusive RightsThe right to use a given work and to prevent anyone else from using it.
- Executive ProducerThe senior editor on a video production.
- EXTThis is the standard abbreviation for exterior used in the slug line of a script.
- Exterior ShotThe practice of filming outside of a building, room or area to provide on screen context. Similar to an Establishing Shot.
- External SyncSync provided by a generator in common to all the cameras and VTR's in a system.
- EyelineThe imaginary line that goes from athe lens of a camera len to the eyes of a subject.
- F
- F StopAlso known as the Aperture, F Stops are the numbers that refer to the size of the holes that let light into a lens.
- Fade InAlmost all audio events are faded in and faded out to avoid the snap cut to music or effects at full level. This also permits us to use music cues that do not necessarily correspond to the beginning and end of a piece.
- Fade In From BlackAll programs begin with this effect that is simply a mix from black to picture. Sometimes you might write in this effect to mark a break in time or sections of a program.
- Fade OutThis is the audio cue that most people forget to use. They fade in music or effects and then forget to indicate where the audio event ends. The fade out eases out the sound so that an abrupt cut off or stop does not shock the ear or draw attention to itself.
- Fade Out To BlackAll programs end with this effect that is a mix from picture to black, the opposite of the fade in from black. Logically, these two fade effects go in pairs.
- Fade UnderFading an audio event such as music under is necessary when you want hte event to continue but not compete with a new event that will mix from another track - typically dialogue ro commentary. Be clear that these decisions are largely made by audio mixers and editors. Nevertheless, you should know these terms for the rare occasion when you need to lock in a specific audio idea in your script.
- Fast LensA fast lwens refers to a lens that is capable of opening to a very low f-stop, generally lower than 2.8, and therefore let's more light into the lens. Fast lenses can better handle low-light shooting situations and are generally more versatile and faster to shoot with, since you have less lighting hassles and can use filters more freely. Naturally, fast lenses are more expensive than other lens.
- Featured VideosA section of YouTube which displays particularly popular or Partner videos.
- FeedReferring to when video or audio is fed to another source or location to another.
- FieldAny place not in the studio.
- FilamentThe thin spring that glows to produce light inside a bulb.
- File-Based EditingInstead of videotape, editing is done using file-based media such as a hard drive, otpical disc, or solid-state storage.
- Fill LightA light that aims to boost the lighting level on set to erase any shadows and improve the visibility of the frame.
- Film ChainA video camera, slide projector, and film projector in a unit designed to transfer film images to video.
- Film-Style ShootingShooting with one portable camera.
- Final Draft ScriptIt is the final document that incorporates all the revisions and input of the client or producer and all the improvements and finishing tocuhes that a writer gives to the writing job even when not explicitly asked for. A script writer, like all writers, looks at his work with a critical eye and seeks cosntant improvement. This document should mark the end of the writer's task and the completion of any contractual arrangement.
- FirestoreA brand of battery powered camera-mountable hard drives that capture live video.
- Firewire 400/800 (IEEE 1394/iLink)These are super quick connections for transferring video data to or from a camera, computer or hard drive.
- First Draft ScriptIt is the initial attempt to transpose the content of the treatment into a screenplay or script format appropriate to the medium. This is the cross-over from prose writing to script writing in which all the special conventions of camera and scene description are used. The layout of the page serves the special job of communicating action, camera angles, and audio to a production team. It is the idea of the program formulated as a blueprint for production. The producer, the client, and the director get their first chance to read a total account for every scene from beginning to end.
- First GenerationAn original recording, not a copy.
- FishpoleA boom for holding a shotgun microphone. The boom may be extended and is usually held by a soudn technician.
- FlashReferring to a Flash Player that is used by a Adobe System to stream online video content.
- Flash FrameFrames that transition so fast they can almost go completely unnoticed during a production.
- Flash VideoA Macromedia codec used to allow the playback of digital web video productions on websites.
- Flashback/Flash ForwardThese terms refer to a narrative device that both writers and editors use to manage the relationship of different moments in a dramatic story.
- FlickrFlickr provides both private and public image storage. A user uploading an image can set privacy controls that determine who can view the image. A photo can be flagged as either public or private.
- FloodA Flood is used to widen a beam of light to make it less intrusive in the frame.
- Fluorescent LightA tubular mercury-vapour light that use a ballast to regulate the flow of power. These are used in professional film productions.
- FlypackRack-mounted video production equipment encased in a shipping case that is approved for airline shipping.
- Follow FocusControlling lens focus to maintain image clarity throughout a scene.
- FontA character set or alphabet style.
- FormatRefers to the type of video you are shooting as expressed by vertical pixels and frame rate, typically in terms such as 1080/60i or 720/24p. May also be more generally referred to as "standard definition" or "high definition" as determined by the lines of vertical resolution.
- Formative EvaluationAssessment that takes place during the development and production process, used for "midcourse" feedback and correction.
- Frame LineAn imaginary line that marks the top of a framed shot.
- Frame RateRefers to the number of frames of video you are shooting each second. Frame rates are usually shown in camera specs followed by a designation of "p" for progressive or "i" for interlaced scanning. Typical frame rate specs are expressed in terms such as 24p, 30p, and 60i.
- Frame Within A FrameA cinematography technique whereby a doorway or window is used to create a second frame within the shot.
- Frame-AccurateA term to describe the highest precision in video editing. A frame is 1/30 of a second, and it is the smallest measurement of time in a video or audio recording.
- FramingThe composition of a filming shot.
- Franken-CameraSlang term for DSLR cameras that have been outfitted with all the third-party accessories necessary to make them fully function for professional video shooting. Includes any combination of support rods, a field monitor, follow focus, audio recording device, matte box, and more.
- French FlagA shade that mounts above the lens to help keep light out of the lens. It looks like a single barn door.
- G
- Gaffer’s TapeFilm industry tape, which is easy to rip for editing, yet still very strong.
- GainA term used to denote audio and video levels. Audio gain refers to volume and Video gain refers to image brightness.
- GelsCommonly used within lighting gels are transparent sheets of material used to colour light.
- Gen-LockTo be "driven by" or accept the sync of another piece of equipment.
- GFXAn abbreviation for Graphic Effects.
- GlitchA picture problem.
- Google VideoGoogle’s original video hosting service.
- Google VideoSometimes known as YouTube videos, but Google's search engine will display videos from any website.
- GOPA group of successive pictures within a coded video stream. Each coded video stream consists of successive GOPs. From the pictures contained in it, the visible framesare generated. The GOP is composed of I-frames, which are the least compressible but don't require other video frames to decode; P-frames, which use data from previous frames to decompress and are more compressible than I-framkes; and B-frames, which can use both previous and forward frames for data reference to get the highest amount of data compression.
- GrantAn allocation of money awarded competitively for a particular project.
- GraphicsAny artificial on screen animation, typically consisting of infograpgics, maps, statistics, images etc.
- GraphicsThis refers to content created either as flat artowkr, or more usually, a computer generated frame, with or without animation, in eitehr 2-D or 3-D.
- Green ScreenA chroma-keying technique where the subject is shot in front of a green background and that background is replaced during postproduction.
- H
- H.264.A format that is typically used when compressing video.
- Hair LightA light used in filming traditionally placed behind the subject/character at a top left/top right angle focussed towards the hair.
- Hard CopyA printed document.
- HDThe abbreviation of High Definition.
- HDDHard drive disk. The hard drive in a compter ro an external hard drive for a computer or video camera.
- HDMIAbbreviation for High Definition Multi Interface, which refers to a connection that allows the convergence between video devices and monitors.
- HDTVHigh-definition television. Sharper than standard definition, it displays up to 10,50 lines of resolution.
- HDVA type of high-definition video that is popular with camcorders.
- Head RoomA film term referring to the space between a subjects head and the top of the frame.
- HeadendA point of origin for cable distribution.
- Helical ScanThe way that most videotape by the head.
- High AngleA high angle means poiting the camera lens down to an object or a person.
- HotA cinematic term referring to when a subject is overexposed by intense lighting.
- HTML5A tag of Hypertext Markup Language that adds support for embedding video in an HTML page. This is an alternative to Adobe Flash.
- HTML5 VideoAn element of HTML5 that allows for video playback within websites.
- HueThe tint of colour.
- HuluA leading online aggregator of Internet video content. Founded in March 2007.
- I
- I/O Input/outputRefers to connectors and cables going between teh computer and AV devices. In computing, I/O also refers to the communication between an information processing system and its user.
- IATSEInternational Association of Theatrical and Stage Employees.
- IEEE 1359A digital cable and connector that handles audio, video, and other informaton between computers, camcorders, and other digital devices. Also known as FireWire.
- IFPInterruptible feedback. Intercom used for remote broadcasting. Usually includes earpieces that the host and guest wear to hear both each other and the director.
- iMAGImagine magnification. Frequently used at conferences and conventions, a camera video output is connected to a data projector to project a live image onto a projection screen.
- iMovieA Mac software used for editing digital video.
- In Player AdsThese are online video advertisements that play during the beginning and at intervals during web video content.
- In PointThe very start of a time code for a shot/edit.
- In Video AdsYouTube’s advertising system that plays video ads within their web videos.
- In-CueThe beginning of a given portion of tape.
- In-HouseWithin the organization; owned by the parent company.
- IncandescentA light that passes electricity through a filament that heats up inside the vacuum of a bulb to provide light.
- Industrial QualityA grade of video equipment not meeting the specifications of broadcast gear, but better than consumer-type home units.
- Industrial VideoNonbroadcast video produced by an organization for instructional/informational use.
- IngestThe process of capturing video onto a computer.
- Insert EditTo drop in video and/or audio segments on a tape that already has a control track.
- Insert StageA small studio used for simple recording of voice or picture inserts.
- Instructional DVDUnlike a training video, an instructional DVD is marketed to the general public or to a special interest group. Instructional DVDs include how-to videos.
- Insurance CertificateThis is a representation of the insurance policy that covers a particular project or production company.
- INTThis is the standard abbreviation for interior used in the slug line of a script.
- IntensityA term referring to the quantity of light.
- Interactive VideoA video style in which the viewer must actively participate in the video and in which the presentation may vary depending upon the viewer's responses.
- IntercuttingIntersersing segmetns of several taped sequences to consolidate content and provide visual variety.
- Interface CardA circuit board inserted in a computer so that it can interface with a videotape or disc player.
- InterframeCompression using interframe prediction. This kind of prediction tries to take advantage of the redundancy between neighbouring frames to achieve high compression rates with minimal loss.
- InterlaceRefers to how a video picture is captured or displayed. Interlaced scanning skips every other vertical row of pictures - making one pass on the odd-numbered pixel rows (1, 3, 5, etc.) and then a second pass on the even-numbered pixel rows (2, 4 , 6, etc.) and alternating between these two half images known as video "fields" to form a single interlaced frame of video. Interlaced video is not as detailed and smooth as progressive video.
- Interlaced ScanningTo economise bandwidth for CRT monitors, lines of video are recorded as separate fields of odd lines followed by scans of the even lines. Sometimes still frames in interlace scanning produce a flicker. Progressive scanning produces sharper images but requires greater bandwidth.
- Internal SyncSynchronizing pulses supplied by an individual piece of hardware.
- Interview SubjectsIndividuals who will be interviewed for your project.
- IntranetThe organization's internal website, but may be a more extensive part of the organization's information technology infrastructure.
- iOSThe operating system brought forth by the iPhone from Apple.
- IP AddressThe number given to individuals computers in a network.
- IPTVInternet protocol television.
- ISDNIntegrated Services Digital Network. A set of communications standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network.
- ISPAn abbreviation for Internet Service Provider.
- ITInformational technology. The department in an organization that manages computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.
- ITFSInstructional Television Fixed Service; a distribution technology using a special band of frequencies set aside for educational narrowcasting.
- J
- Jam SyncJamming sync is the act of using SMPTE time code generating device to send continuous matching free run timecode to one or multiple cameras or recorders. Time code is fed from one device to a second, which then syncs up to primary devices time code so they are exactly the same. The time code generating device may be an electronic smart slate, time code generator or other video or audio recording device capable of sending time code.
- Java ScriptA scripting language use to create client-side web applications.
- JibA mechanical arm which balances a camera on one end and a counterweight (with camera controls) on the other.
- JPEGJoint photographic experts group. JPEG is the most popular compression technique for still photos.
- Jump CutsThese are cuts made in the editing process where shots of the same subject are cut together, but filmed from different angles.
- Jump-Cut Style ShootingVideos that consists of rapid manual zooming to switch composition from a wide shot to a close-up, or vice-versa, during a scene.
- K
- Ken Burns EffectA popular visual effect for animating digital still photos that smoothly pans, zooms in, zooms out and otherwise adds life by performing digital "camera moves" on simple still photos.
- Key LightThe main light source.
- KinoFloA popular brand of fluorescent lighting used during filming.
- Kit RentalA standard industry "rental fee" charged by professionals who also provide special equipment or supplies, such as makeup artist or sound, camera, and lighting people with their own equipment. They get their day rate for their labour plus a smaller kit rental for use of their gear and/or supplies that you would otherwise have to rent or buy separately.
- L
- Laser-OpticalA videodisc format.
- Laser-ReflectanceA videodisc format.
- Lavaliere (Lav) MicrophoneA small mic designed to be worn close to the body.
- LeitchAn editing equipment company.
- LetterboxRefers to the on-screen effect created by shooting video in a 16:9 Aspect Ratio.
- Licensing FeesMoney spent to obtain the rights to use something copyrighted by someone else.
- LinearA program style in which each viewer watches each segment of the program.
- Live ShotA video sequence captured completely live.
- Local ValidityCredibility for the particular situation.
- LocationA real environment you are filming in such as public places, an office or a home.
- Location ReleaseA legal agreement between location owner and filmmaker that allows a filmmaker to shoot within a specific location.
- Lock DownSecures a tripods pan and tilt functions to maintain smooth footage.
- Log SheetA form used to make notes about locations, scenes and footage for each day of filming. These often include time codes, and overall opinion on the shots.
- LoggingThe process of going through your footage to note the start time code, contents and other information necessary for locating scenes and making decisions during editing.
- Long ShotThis is a camera view that shows a broad location perspective.
This is a camera view that shows a broad location perspective. - Look-LiveFootage that is shot to appear as if it was captured live.
- Lossless Data CompressionA compression technique that allows the original data to be reconstructed when uncompressed. This is in contrast to lossy data compression, where only an approximation of the original data is available.
- Lossy Data CompressionCompression used to minimize bit rate for editing and processing. Video can sometimes be compresses 100:1 without noticeable quality loss. Audio can be compressed 10:1 before noticing loss.
- Low AngleA shot taken from a camera close to the ground aiming up at a subject.
- Low-Light-Level GainA boost of sensitivity for a camera when operating in dim surroundings.
- LSThis stands for long shot. A long shot should include the whole human figure from head to foot so that this figure or figures are featured rather than the background.
- LTOLinear Tape Open is a magnetic tape storage system that uses open standards. Popular backups in larger computer systems, each tape cartridge can store up to 1.5TB of uncompressed data.
- M
- Magazine FormatA program format consisting of a number of feature stories shot in different styles.
- Magic LanternThird-party firmware that can be installed on some models of DSLR cameras to add some basic video camera features such as zebra stripes, audio meters, etc.
- Mark SlateTo call the information on a slate out loud, typically including title of the production, scene number or name, and take number.
- MasterReferring to the primary copy of footage.
- Master Scene ScriptThe standard form of the screenplay for feature film is sometimes referred to by this name because each scene is usually the description of an action from which a master shot will come.
- Master ShotThis is the camera shot that captures the whole scene and its dialogue in one single take. The standard practice of directors is to shoot a master and then cover it with other angles of the same action and with cutaways.
- Matching FundsFunds awarded on the basis of "matching" money obtained from other sources.
- Matte BoxA box-like apparatus that mounts onto the front of a camera lens used to avoid unwated lens flare from the sun and artificial lights. Matte boxes also allow you to mount multiple filters on the front of the lens.
- MCUShorthand for "medium close-up". Basically a shot from the shoulders up.
- Mechanical EditingPhysical cutting of a tape.
- MediagraphyA list of media materials available on a given subject.
- Medium Close UpA shot framed from the shoulders up. Abbreviated as MCU.
- Medium ShotDefines the difference between long shot and close-up typically framing a subject from the waist up.
- MemoryThe ability to retain a given setting.
- MenuThe opening screen of an authored DVD that shows the glossarys. Frequently the glossarys are shown as thumbnails.
- Meta DataThis is the data about your data. For example for videos on a site like YouTube Meta Data is the title, description, thumbnail, and tags.
- MicrowaveVery-short-wave frequencies used for point-to-point transmission; higher than those used by broadcast.
- Mini Stereo ConnectorsA term used for an 1/8” stereo sound connector like the one on your iPod. Used for headphones and mics.
- Mini-DVA popular digital video format used in consumer and prosumer camcorders.
- Model of ParticipatoryAn instructional design system incorporating the participation of a program development team.
- Model ReleaseThe form giving permission to photograph or record someone's voice or image.
- ModuleA lesson or unit of information.
- Money ShotsThe most important shots of a given project that will have the most impact on your audience.
- MonopodWorks the same as a Tripod, but only has a single extending and locking leg.
- MontageA sequence of video or images played together to represent an event or section of footage.
- MorphingThis refers to a computer generated effect that makes one shape or object metamorphose into, or transitio to, anotehr object unlike the first. For example, a human face changes into an animal face.
- Motion EffectsDuring editing and postproduction, still images can be made to move or look like the camera is zooming, panning, or tilting movements.
- Mov.The file format used by QuickTime for compressing audio and video for computer and Internet displays.
- Movie Magic BudgetingA software program designed specifically for budgeting movies.
- MP3The most popular method of compressing audio and video for computer and Internet displays.
- MPEGMoving Picture Experts Group. Standards for compressing video for recording on discs, hard drives, and the Internet.
- MPEG-1The standard for video CDs and audio MP3 compression.
- MPEG-2The standard for video DVD compression, high-definition compression for camcorders.
- MPEG-4A digital video compression format sometimes referred to as advanced video coding, or AVC. MPEG-4 is frequently used for compressing video for solid-state devices such as mobile phones and iPods.
- Multiple BranchingA programmed instruction format in which different responses cause the viwer to be branched to different corresponding segments.
- MusicA music track is created independently of production. Music videos begin with a defined soundt rack. Other programs have music added in postproduction to fit dialogue, sound effects, and mood.
- MySpace VideoIntroduced in 2007 as a similar video sharing site to YouTube.
- N
- NABETNational Association for Broadcast Employees and Technicians.
- NarrationThe oral telling of a story, typically via a voiceover.
- Narrative FilmmakingA fictional filmmaking genre that tells a story.
- NarrowcastTo distribute programming to a limited, well-defined audience.
- NASNetwork Attached Storage. System of multiple hard drives, such as a RAID, that may be accessed by all terminals on a network.
- Nat SoundThe abbreviation for Natural Sound regarding ambient noise in a location or in a particular scene.
- ND GelA clear grey lighting gel used to lower the intensity of lighting.
- Needle DropA measure or unit of music determined by how many times a selection is played or the "needle dropped" on the record.
- Neutral CutawaysVery useful shots that can be inserted almost anywhere in a scene because they aren't very time or action specific. For example,a cutaway to a picture on the wall, a subject's hand gestures, or a reaction shot of someone listening.
- NLEShort for "nonlinear editors." Final Cut Pro, Avid, Premiere, and iMovie are all NLEs.
- NoddiesAn Americanism referring to filming the reactions of subjects, interviewers and interviewees.
- NoiseDisruptive camera noise caused by video static, gain, digital zoom and other electronic functions.
- Non-Linear EditingThe ability a modern day editors has to access digital footage on a computer or device and piece together a production (in particular different scenes) in any order they wish.
- Nonbroadcast VideoProgramming designed for limited access rather than broadcast distribution.
- Nonexclusive RightsThe right to use a work, but not to prevent anyone else from obtaining the rights also.
- Nose RoomThe distance between a subject and the edge of the frame.
- NTSCNational Television Standards Commission. The video system used in the United States and Japan.
- O
- O/CAn abbreviation for both On Camera and Off Camera.
- Off-Line EditingEditing using inexpensive systems, allowing you to do "striaght" editing only without special effects or without the control of a computer interface.
- Off-The-Shelf ProgramsCommercially produced generic programs that can be rented or purchased.
- On-Disc PrintingRather than use paper labels, discs with an inkjet printable surface allow label art to be printed directly on the disc.
- On-Line EditingEditing using VTR's with a computer interface, or with studio-type mixing and switching equipment.
- On-The-AirA term used to mean that a particular device is "live" or its output is being recorded or broadcast. Also called on-line.
- One-InchThe width of videotape within which there are three formats: Type A, Type B, and Type C.
- Open-Ended QuestionA question that requires more than a short answer, giving the respondent an opportunity to express opinions.
- Opening Up The LensThis practice refers to the altering of the camera’s aperture to allow more light to enter the lens.
- OTSOver the shoulder. Camera is placedd behind the interviewer and is focused on the interviewee. Sometimes the back of the shoulder and side of the head of the interviewer are visible in the frame.
- Out PointThe end time code of a shot or edit.
- Out-CueThe end of a given portion of tape.
- Over ModulateReferring to the distortion typically caused by having high levels of audio or video. Over Modulation cannot be fixed in post-production.
- Over The Shoulder ShotThe view of the primary subject with the back of another person’s shoulder and head in the foreground.
- OverheadThe costs of running the physical facility.
- OVPAn abbreviation for Online Video Platform i.e. YouTube or Vimeo.
- P
- P2 CardDigital media cards used by some Panasonic cameras including the Panasonic HVX-200.
- PAAn occupation term referring to a Production Assistant.
- PA SystemPublic address system of microphones, amplifiers, and speakers, usually installed in an auditorium or meeting room.
- PacingThe timing and segmenting of a program to control the rate of presentation.
- PALPhase Alternate Line. The video system used in Europe and other countries. PAL videotapes and discs need to be converted to NTSC for viewing the United States.
- PanHorizontal camera pivot, right to left or left to right from a stationary position.
- Paper EditA document consisting of transcribed storyboards of your footage, which can be organised to create a paper version of your final cut. This document is great for the editing stage.
- PartnersYouTube’s major content partners, allowing partners to monetize their videos.
- Pay Per ViewStreaming or downloadavle videos that require payment to view.
- PedestalCamera moves vertically lower or raises the camera higher whilst maintaining camera level.
- Pelican CasesPopular industry-standard hard plastic cases designed to store and protect film and video equipment during transit. Pelican cases are water resistant and are typically used with foam.
- PhotomontageA video DVD of photos combined with music. This is usually produced at a video editing workstation by a professional video editor. Images frequently have dissolves for smooth transitions, and movements such as zooms, pans, and tilts may be applied.
- Pick Up PatternOutlines the directions in which a microphone best captures and records sound. Typical patterns are cardioid, hypercardioid and omni.
- Pin-Registered CameraA very precise film camera that exposes images in exact registration from one frame to the next.
- Pitch/PitchingPitching is talking not writing. It is part of the communicating and selling of ideas in the entertainment industries.
- PixelsThe little red, green, and blue microdots that make up the image on a TV or monitor screen. The more pixels there are, the sharper and clearer the picture will be.
- PixillationThe cutting out of a certain percentage of frames in a sequence to produce a fast-motion, jumpy effect.
- PlaybackViewing or listening back to recorded video/audio.
- PlaylistYouTube allows for videos to be categorised into a flowing list of video content.
- PodcastStreaming video or audio that is regularly scheduled in a similar way as a radio or television broadcast.
- Point Of View ShotShot perspective whereby the video camera assumes a subject’s viewpoint.
- Point-Of-Purchase ProgramOne designed to be viewed alongside a product it demonstrates in a store.
- POPThe abbreviation for Point of Presence, which typically refers to the location of a server or Content Delivery Network.
- Positive FeedbackInformation confirming that a response was correct.
- Post ProductionRefers to all the activities that follow shooting such as editing, post-syncing, music, recording, titling, and mastering that lead to a completed program or show print.
- PosttestAn evaluation taking place after a subject has been exposed to some treatment or material.
- PotsAnother name for the knobs on audio equipment.
- Practical LightsAesthetic lights that appear as part of your on screen set.
- Pre ProductionThe planning and overall preparation that occurs before you begin filming.
- Pre RollThe wise practice of starting to record a few seconds before a take begins.
- Pre-AmpAn audiod evice similar to but simpler than a mixer that is used to boost, control, and/or transform audio signals.
- PremiseThe term refers to a compact statement of teh essential idea of a movie or program. It embodies the essential conflict or dilemma that will drive the plot and the characters.
- PretestAn assessment of student's entering abilities or opinions before they're exposed to some treatment or material.
- Private VideoA YouTube video that has a restricted viewership.
- Private Video NetworkA video playback system set up by an organization to communicate to its various branch offices or affiliates.
- Processing TimeThe time it takes for a video to become playable after upload to the Internet.
- ProducerA cinematic role that is responsible for both editorial and production duties.
- Production HouseA company that rents out video studio and/or portable production gear.
- Production InsuranceInsurance that covers you and your crew from liabilities as a result of any property damage, theft or loss, and personal death or injury caused by your production.
- Production ValueThe professional look of a production.
- Program ControlProgram design that assumes the program will be viewed straight through without intervention of an instructor or student.
- Program Development TeamA group of people representing clients, content experts, media professionals, and representative audience members who together develop a program.
- Program FormatThe style in which a subject is covered: documentary, interview, demonstration, and so on.
- ProgressiveRefers to how a video picture is captured or displayed. Progressive video scanning goes straight down the vertical rows of pixels to form a complete picture on each frame of video. Progressive cameras and TVs have smoother, more film-like images.
- Progressive ScanningA method for displaying, storing, or transmitting moving images in which all the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence.
- Promoted VideosAn AdWords campaign for videos on YouTube, where advertisers pay to have their video placed highly in search rankings.
- PrompterThe generic term for the popular brand TelePrompTer.Prompters display the script for the talent to read. The text is displayed onto a clear glass panel that may be placed in front of the camera lens.
- ProRes 442An intraframe-only codec that is part of Apple Final Cut Studio. Designed for lossy compression of HD, it is designed to be simpler to decode than distribution-oriented formats such as H.264. It is comparable to Avid's DNxHD codec, which has the same purpose and uses similar bit rates.
- ProsumerA cross between consumer and professional equipment. Frequently used to distinguish a three-chip camcorder from a consumer, single-chip camcorder.
- Proxy EditingCreating a low bit rate copy of your HD source footage that uses less computer resources. After editing at that low resolution, the editor switches to HD and renders the finished video in full quality.
- Public DomainThe status of not being copyrighted.
- Pull Focus/Rack FocusRacking focus, also known as pulling focus, refers to a deliberate change of focus executed by twisting the focus ring on the barrel of a lens. This technique is typically used to shift attention from one character to another when they are speaking.
- Q
- QTVAn autocue company.
- QuadruplexA method of videotape scanning using four heads, found on two-inch machines.
- Quick ListA YouTube function that allows users to create and delete playlist quickly and easily via the “+” symbol.
- Quick TimeA computer program from Apple that allows audio/video to be displayed on home and office computers. The file extension is .mov.
A computer program from Apple that allows audio/video to be displayed on home and office computers. The file extension is .mov.
- R
- Raccoon EyesA lighting error when high angle lights cast shadows under the subjects eyes.
- Rack FocusShifting focus between subjects in the background and foreground.
- Rate CardsA rental houses's or other vendor's price list.
- RatingA YouTube system that allows Likes/Dislikes to rank online video content.
- RCAVery common yellow, white and red cables used with video equipment; yellow = video, white = left and red = right.
- Re-AskAn interviewing technique used to get the same response from a subject, but allow the film team to capture it from a different angle.
- Re-enactments/RecreationsA dramatic acting out of a significant event.
- Reaction ShotA shot showing how a subject/character is responding to an event.
- Real TimeThis setting allows you to share the video you are watching with your friends.
- Refresh RateThe number of times per second an image is scanned on a screen to form the picture. This number is measured in units called Hertz (Hz). A screen with a 60Hz refresh rate scans the image on-screen 60 times per scound to form an image.
- RemoteA video shoot captured on location, outside of a studio environment.
- Res UpThe practice of making low resolution footage (typically created to save space) into high resolution in order to make it suitable for production use.
- ResearchAny and all work you do to learn more about your subject as you prepare to shoot your video.
- ResolutionThe size of the image in pixels. In camera and TV specs, resolution is listed as the number of horizontol pixels x vertical pixels. For HD, there are usually 1080 or 720 vertical pixels.
- Reverse ShotCapturing the same action at different angles to show a counter viewpoint.
- RFThe abbreviation for Radio Frequency.
- Rolling ShutterRolling shutter refers to the method that CMOS cameras use to scan an image by "rolling" or moving teh shutter across part of the image, so that not all part of the image are recorded at the same time, even though they are played back as a single frame.
- RotoscopingThe technique of manually creating a matte for an element on live-action footage so it may be composited over another background.
- Rough CutThe first edit of a video production.
- RoveA loose style of handheld camerawork, most common in reality TV and some scripted dramas where the camera is continually moving and shifting slightly (as if hovering) as opposed to traditional handheld camerawork where the objective would be to hold the camera as steady as possible.
- Rule of ThirdsA composition rule for framing shots whereby the camera is divided into thirds horizontally and vertically to form a noughts and crosses pattern. Subjects should be framed at the intersection of any two or more lines.
- Run and GunAn American phrase referring to the Guerrilla style shooting that occurs in hectic, unpredictable filming locations.
- S
- S VideoA analogue cable used to transmit high quality video signals between cameras and monitors.
- S.A.GScreen Actors Guild.
- S.A.G PaperworkVery important forms required by the Screen Actors Guild whenever an actor in their professional union works on a production.
- S/UThe abbreviation for Sound Up.
- SAA production occupation referring to a Script Assistant.
- SaaSSoftware as a service over the Internet. Rather than purchase the software, the user is licensed to use the software through a subscription or based on the usage, similar to a traditional utility service such as eletricity.
- Safe Title AreaOn a video monitor, the center 80% of the picture within which text should be limited. Some playback monitors cut off the edges of the text, so a safe title area is used when creating text during postproduction.
- Safety Training VideoA video or DVD that shows exact procedures for security or safety training. Rather than read a manual, employees learn from the video, which is the next best thing to a live class.
- Sales Motivation VideoTraining video used to teach selling techniques and to stimulate viewers to improve their sales.
- SANStorage area network. A system to attach external storage devices to servers so the devices appear as attached locally to the operating system.
- SaturationThe depth or richness of a colour.
- Scan ConverterA device that converts one video standard to another.
- Scanning AreaThe area of a shot actually scanned or reproduced by the camera.
- SceneThe scene is the basic unit of visual narrative for the screenplay. it has unity of time and place. A new scene begins when either time or place changes.
- Scene DetectionA automated process software programmes use to separate video footage into clips by scanning time codes.
- Scene OutlineThis term refers to a way a writer might compose a visual narrative by listing scenes rather than writing a treatment.
- Screen CaptionsTitles placed at the bottom of frames to provide subtitles or information on the subject/character on screen.
- ScreenplayA screenplay or script is the translation of the treatment into a visual blueprint for production layering end to end the particular scenes emplying the specific descriptive language of the medium to describe what is to be seen on hte screen and heard on the sound track.
- ScrimsMetal fixtures used to adjust light intensity. Typically in a full or half circle shape.
- ScriptThe audio and video plan or directions for a program word-for-word and shot-for-shot.
- SDHC CardSmall, relatively cheap reusable flash media cards used to record audio and video. Common in most consumer and prosumer video cameras.
- SearchThe box at the top of every web Browser or Video hosting website used to find video and other online content.
- SECAMA video standards used in France and several other countries.
- Second GenerationA copy of a first-generation original tape.
- SEGScreen Extras Guild.
- SegueThe visual journey from the transition of one video sequence to another.
- Segue ToThis term means to cross fade two audio events. It is the audio equivalent of the video mix. You do not need to write this into the audio side of a script every time you use a mix to transition. It is understood by all involved that one goes with the other.
- SEOThe abbreviation for Search Engine Optimization, which refers to the process of getting a website to a high ranking on a search engine website.
- SequenceThe merging of shots from a particular scene to create a seamless streamed video segment.
- SERPThe abbreviation for Search Engine Results Page.
- SFXThis is a convenient abbreviation for sound effects. Instead of describing a thunderstorm and the sound of thunder at length, it is sufficient to write - SFX thunder. In postproduction, whoever assumes responsibility for the audio tracks will pull a stock effect from a bank of effects on a CD-ROM, or audio tape. A sound effect is anything other than speech or music.
- Shooting RatioThe ratio of total tape shot that actually gets used in the final production.
- Shooting ScriptA writer builds a screenplay out of scenes, which is its fundamental building block. The director has to compose a scene out of shots. This means a director has to create a shooting script out of the screenplay. The director has both the right and the responsibility to break down the scene into camera set-ups or shots that will cover the action of the scene.
- ShortA loose or bad connection in any cable that results in the cable not clearly and consistently carrying an audio or video signal, which generally will result in static, pops, and dropouts of the signal.
- ShotA shot describes the way a lens produces an image. It frames the subject in the viewfinder and is usually defined in two dimensions by how much or little of the human figure is included in the frame. It also has a third dimension that is defined by the foreground and background in the frame. The shot is the basic unit of narrative for the camera and for the director who shoots the movie.
- Shot SheetA rundown of shots in sequence for a given camera for a studio taping.
- ShotgunAn alternative name for hypercardioid mics that have a very narrow pick-up pattern, focussing on sound from one direction.
- ShotlistA Shotlist works the same as a Log Sheet.
- Shoulder GraphicAn on-screen graphic places above a subjects shoulder.
- Show PrintA print or dub from an edit master that embodies the finished program as it will be distributed.
- Shutter SpeedRefers to the amount of time the camera’s shutter stays open to expose each frame of video.
- Signal-To-Noise RatioThe ratio of a desired signal to an unwanted signal (static or noise).
- Single BranchingA programmed-instruction format in which all wrong answers are treated in the same way: by branching to a single given segment.
- Single System AudioAudio that is recorded on the camera at the same time as picture.
- SlateThis is a device used to sync pictures and sound as well as mark particular scenes and takes recorded during production.
- SlaveThe mchien recording the output of a master machine.
- SlugText that is edited into a project as a note or reminder for those working in post-production, projection or broadcast usually to denote things such as titles, audio tracks used, or unfinished elements.
- Slug LineA slug line is the accepted convention for summarizing the technical information that defines the place and time of a scene.
- Small-Format VideoSmaller, less expensive video equipment generally used for nonbroadcast purposes.
- SMPTESosciety of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. This long-standing group of film and TV engineers develop industry standards.
- SMPTE-Format VideoAn address in digital time readouts used to identify exact places on a tape.
- SnootsCylindrical inserts that fit in front of lights to reduce the width of the beam to highlight a specific subject.
- Society of Motion Picture and Television EngineersA long-standing group of film and TV engineers who develop industry standards. Abbreviated as SMPTE.
- Soft MoneyGrant or contract money that is not guaranteed from year to year.
- SOTThe abbreviation of Sound On Tape.
- Sound BlanketsThick, quilted blankets used to dampen echoes caused by hard room surfaces and muffle unwanted noise.
- Sound UpThe practice of increasing the volume of sound in a segment of video.
- SpeedThis term refers to the moment shortly after you press the record button when a camera has finished its pre-roll and reached the necessary speed to record both video and audio efficiently.
- SpillUnwanted light that is infiltrating any aspect of your scene other than the targeted area.
- Spill LightAny excess, unwated, or uncontrolled light that appears in shot.
- SpotThe act of adjusting a light’s spot or flood control so the light is at its narrowest, most intense beam.
- SSDSolid state drive. These are hard drives that use flash memory similar to P2 and SxS cards. They have no moving parts, so they are sturdier and not as susceptible to the malfunctions that can occur with hard disk drives which have spinning disks.
- Staging AreaAn area set aside on a set or location for a department to exclusively use as homebase to store and set-up all their equipment and supplies.
- Stand UpA term used in News Reporting where a reporter is shot in long/mid shot and presenting to the camera.
- Standard DefinitionStandard video that is currently used on DVDs and VHs tapes. It is limited to approximately 480 lines of resolution. High definition goes up to 10,080 lines.
- Standards ConversionThe duplication of a tape into another video standard - for instance, NTSC to PAL or PAL to SECAM.
- Statement Of WorkA document that describes the work that you are proposing to do and clearly spells out what you will do as a producer/director, the basics of how it will be accomplished, and how much it will cost your clients.
- SteadiCamA camera-stabilizing device used to get smooth fluid handheld camera shots.
- StepTo go through a program frame by frame.
- SticksAn alternative word used for Tripods.
- Still-FrameThe capturing and playback of a single video frame to stop or "freeze" action.
- StillsRefers to stationary images such as photographs or paused video.
- StingsOften found in TV productions, Stings are used to promote upcoming events.
- Stock FootageThis is any footage that wasn’t originally shot for your video production.
- Stopping DownThe act of making a shot darker by closing the lens aperture.
- StoryboardA script complete with pictures representing each shot.
- StreamThis term has two meanings; the stream of data which is transmitted over a network to allow for the play back of a video and it also refers to watching streams that other YouTube users are watching.
- Streaming VideoVideo that may be viewed from a website but not stored on the user's computer. STreaming videos usually start playing faster than downloadable videos.
- StreetersAn Americanism referring to getting audio interviews off general members of the public.
- Style SheetA general term for the written description of the look and feel of various visual and graphic elements such as lower thirds and main titles, transitions, on-screen graphics, how interviews are framed and lit, colour palette, style of cinematography etc.
- SubscriptionThis feature allows you to stay up to date with new videos from users on the YouTube site.
- Summative EvaluationAssessment of the final product.
- SuperThe abbreviation of Superimpose, often used to refer to the editing of images on screen.
- Super TechA production occupation referring to Supervising Technicians.
- SuperimpositionA superimposition is simply the mix or dissolve mixed into the midprinter light or midfader position and then out. Beginners often go to unnecessary lengths to describe the way titles superimpose on picture or a background. A sentence can be reduced to; super titles over black, super titles over LS of street or super name under CU of face.
- Surveillance VideoVideo that is recorded passively or secretly.
- SwitcherA member of the production team who is in charge of switching between production sources.
- SxS CardDigital media cards used by some Sony model cameras, including the Sony EX-1, Sony EX3, and the Sony F3.
- Sync TrackA track on a tape of control pulses used to stablize playback of the tape.
- T
- TagA piece of Meta Data used to help users find video content.
- TakeA Take is the footage shot from when you press Record on a camera to when you Press stop.
- TalentThose appearing or being heard in a program.
- Talking HeadsA production consisting of static shots of people talking.
- Tally LightA film term referring to the red light present on a camera during recording.
- Tape To DVD/CD/HDD/Flash Drive TransfersTape is dead, or they may wear out soon. Hard drives, flash drives, and discs are designed for archival storage and are easier to search through than tapes.
- TBCTime based corrector. Used during copying or transferring from videotape to correct distortions caused by tape. Also used for colour and brightness correction.
- TCP/IPThe abbreviation for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, which refers to how the Internet communicates in order for it to function correctly.
- TelecineThe process of converting motion picture film to video.
- TeleconferenceA large meeting transmitted to a number of sites using satellite distribution.
- TelephotoTelephoto is the longest lens setting achieved by zooming all the way in to a scene.
- TelepresenceA high-end videoconferencing system that simulates a live conference. Large monitors and loudspeakers positioned near the images of individuals speaking create the illusion of a live conference.
- TeleprompterA device that displays the script to the talent as a prompt during taping.
- TelexA piece of reporting equipment (earpiece) that allows a production team to feed information to a subject during filming.
- Test RecordingA brief recording made to test the correct operation of the equipment.
- TheroaA system used for the compression of digital video files.
- ThrowA term referring to the switch over of narration, dialogue or reporting on-screen during a production.
- ThumbnailThe small picture that represents your entire online video.
- Tie-InConnecting to an existing sound system, such as those found in auditoriums or meeting rooms. A tie-in allows the videographer to get high-quality sound from the microphones in that room.
- TiltThis is a vertical camcorder rotation from a single axis on a tripod.
- Time CodeA digital signal recorded as a track on a DV tape that maintains consistent playback by digitally marketing the time and tape position in seconds and frames.
- Time Code BreakThe common anomaly that can occur when there is an error in recording that results in the time code track not recording.
- Time-Base CorrectorA device that corrects minor electronic errors on a prerecorded tape.
- Time-LapseThe presentation, compressed into a short segment, of events that took place over a long period of time.
- TimelineA Non-Linear Editing term used to refer to the rough outline of the completed production so far during the editing process.
- TitlesText on the video screen; sometimes referred to as character generator.
- Touch ScreenA video screen that viewers can touch inv arious areas to register their responses.
- TPAn abbreviation for the occupation Technical Producer, which is similar to that of a Super Tech.
- TrackingLateral video camera movement that travels with a moving subject.
- Training VideoA video, DVD, or online video used to train employees on the procedures and policies of the organization.
- TranscriptThe written, recorded script of any word-for-word audio.
- Translucent Powder MakeupMakeup used to smooth and even out complexions as well as diminish the appearance of common blemishes such as wrinkles, acne, freckles, and moles. Particularly useful for counteracting the unflattering effects of HD video on close shots.
- TreatmentA narrative description of the way a subject will be treated and a program will look when completed; an experimental condition.
- Triaxial Cable (Triax)Similar to coax, but with the addition of an extra layer of insulation and a second conducting sheath. It provides greater bandwidth and rejects interference better than coax.
- TruckThe practice of moving a camera into or out of a shot on wheels instead of using the cameras zoom function.
- Tube MogulA service that provides users with data analytics on video content.
- TungstenA type of lighting that has a filament that results in an orange glow.
- Tweak UpTo make fine adjustments.
- TweetA post on Twitter with no more than 140 characters. Retweeting refers to forwarding a tweet to others.
- Two ShotA camera view that includes two subjects.
- U
- U-MaticThree-quarter inch video cassette tape or the type of player that uses that format.
- UGCThe abbreviation for User Generated Content, referring to content that has been produced by customers, clients, consumers or fellow staff members rather than by a production company.
- UnderA term used in all aspects of video production referring to low light, quiet audio and faint images.
- Up-LinkA site sending signals up to a satellite.
- UploadThe function of uploading video content onto YouTube and other video sharing websites.
- Uploading TimeThe time it takes for a video to upload onto YouTube.
- USB DrivesAlso known as "thumb drives", these are popular, sturdy flash media storage devices a little bigger than a pen cap that plug into a computer's USB port. USB stands for "Universal Serial Bus".
- USB/USB 2.0An abbreviation of Universal Serial Bus. This refers to data cables and connectors that are used to connect digital equipment to cameras, computers and hard drives.
- V
- VcommerceThe industry term used to talk about video commerce.
- VCRVideo cassette recorder. An old video recording device.
- VectorscopeA hardware monitor or software plug-in that enables the technical director to ensure that the colours coming from cameras are accurate.
- Verbal ReleaseThis is a verbal agreement between filmmaker and subject that allows the filmmaker to use their image in their video.
- VetThe practice of checking over a script to ensure it is ready to be presented on camera.
- VEVOA video sharing platform set up in 2009.
- VFXShort for visual effects.
- VHSVideo home system. The format of video tape and VCR that has been popular with consumers but is gradually being phased out.
- Vicarious TravelThe simulation of a trip through interactive video.
- Video AdsYouTube’s in-video advertisements supported by True View ads as well as standard auto-play ads.
- Video BlogOften called a Vlog, a Video Blog is a type of video that acts as a visual representation traditional written blogs.
- Video ConferenceTwo-way audio and video displayed at two or more locations for several people to speak to one another from different sites.
- Video Editing WorkstationAn ensemble of digital video editing computers, monitors, postproduction VCRs, DVD recordrs, and other equipment used for video postproduction and production of photomontages.
- Video FormatThe size, housing, and recording configuration of video tape or disc and the type of playback ahrdware associated with it, such as three-quarter inch or one-inch Type C.
- Video IdentificationThis tool allows YouTube Partners to identify any of their copyrighted video content uploaded without their consent.
- Video JournalistAbbreviated as VJ, this refers to the occupation of filming or presenting video.
- Video NoiseUndesirable static, dots, and graininess in a video picture. Most common when shooting in low light or with the gained turned up.
- Video On DemandStreaming videos that users view from a website whenever they want, as opposed to a webcast, where the video streams at certain times. Video on demand is often shortened to VOD.
- Video ProductionThe process of planning, videotaping, editing, and otehr procedures to come up with a finished video or DVD.
- Video ResponseA YouTube function that allows users to comment on video content through video.
- Video SitemapsFiles that inform search engines what particular web page on a website an Internet video can be found.
- Video Verité A style of shooting in which the camera tries to capture real life without intrusion.
- VideodiscA video recording in a recordlike disc format.
- Viewer ControlProgram design that assumes an individual viewer will control the program's presentation.
- ViewfinderThe small monitor on a camera giving the cameraperson the image of what is being shot.
- VignetteA special effect that shows images through shaped hole.
- Viral VideoOnline videos that users send to one another via e-mails with a link to the video. Sometimes written comments accompany the video.
- Visible MeasuresA third party video analysis service.
- Visual FXGeneral term used to describe a wide array of special effects accomplished using comptuer software such as Adobe After Effects or Aplle's Motion. Spinning metallic text, muzzle fire added for a fake gun, or digital snow are all examples of common visual FX.
- Visual LiteracyThe ability to express and interpret ideas visually rahter than verbally.
- VizThe industry abbreviation for Visuals.
- VLSVery long shot. There is no precise definition about what is very long other than that it should include the whole human figure, the whole action, and a good view of the background.
- Voice OverRefers to the audio that is presented over images or video from a subject who is typically not present in the images/video themselves.
- VTRVideo tape recorder.
- W
- WalkthroughAnother word for a rehearsal, practice or Dry Run.
- WallpaperA reporting slang term used to refer to pictures in a film sequence that have little connection, and add little benefit to the script or story at hand.
- WANWide area network.
- Warm CardsPale green or blue cards that give your image a warmer look when you white-balance your camera on them.
- Watch PageThe YouTube page that display the full-sized video.
- WattsA unit used to measure electricity.
- Waveform MonitorA hardware device or software plug-in that allows the camera technician to accurately adjust the brightness and contrast with either lighting or the camera's internal white and black levels.
- WebcamA video camera often built in to PCs, Laptops and Macs used to record one-to-one videos, video phone calls and video blogs.
- Webcast VideoVideo that may be viewed online at a scheduled time.
- WebMA system used for the compression of electronic video files.
- WGAWriters Guild of America.
- Whip PanA rapid pan movement that often blurs the image.
- Whip ZoomA quick manual zoom move in or out that's so fast that it causes the image to blur in the middle of the move until the lens rests on the final shot. This movie is common in reality, sports, music videos and other high energy productions.
- White BalanceA camera function that adjusts your image to the correct colour temperature.
- White CardsPure white card use as a reference to set a camera’s white balance.
- Wide AngleThis term is somewhat loose. It generally means a long shot or an establishing shot that shows the whole scene.
- WidgetSmall applications that allow users to turn personal content into dynamic web apps that can be shared on just about any website.
- Wild SoundAmbient, natural sounds that occur in any filming environment.
- Wind JammerA faux fur covering used to minimise ambient noise from Boom mics.
- Window DubA copy of a master video, usually on DVD, where the time code numbers are displayed in a window on the monitor.
- Windows Media PlayerA computer program from Microsoft that allows for audio/video to be displayed on home and office computers. The file extension is .wmv.
- WipeTo erase a digital media card by reformatting it which clears all video and or audio clips from the card. This function is usually found in the camer'as menu and likely at the very bottom of the menu set. Never wipe a card until you've verified your footage by playing it back and listening to it.
- Wireless MicrophoneA mcirphone that does not need a cord. Usually it consists of a clip-on microphone attached to a small belt pack transmitter. At the camera is the receiver portion of the system.
- Wrap OutReferring to finishing a shoot and packing equipment away.
- X
- XLRA commonly used high quality cable that is used for professional sound applications.
- XMLAbbreviate of eXtensible Markup Language.
- XsanAn enterprise shared disk file system that encourages collaborative postproduction. It allows several computers to read and write to the same storage volume at the same time.
- Y
- Yahoo! VideoA video sharing/hosting site launched in 2008.
- YCbCrA way of encoding RGB colour. Y is the luminance or the black and white element of the signal. Cb is the colour difference, which is represented as the colour blue minus the luminance (B-Y). C5 is the red minus the luminance (R-Y). In analog video it is referred to as "YUV."
- YouTubeThe second most used search engine in the world and most popular video sharing website. Shot to popularity in 2005.
- YouTube VideoVideos, usually under 10 minutes in length. That can be uploaded and displayed on YouTube at no charge.
Videos, usually under 10 minutes in length. That can be uploaded and displayed on YouTube at no charge.
- Z
- Zebra StripesThese are the vibrating diagonal stripes that are superimposed on the overexposed parts of the image on a view finder or LCD screen to help filmmakers judge exposure.
- ZeppelinA large shield used to protect Boom mics from ambient noise.
- ZoomThis is the variance of focal length from wide-angle to telephoto focus on video cameras to allow for a zoom in or zoom out of a frame